Maintain Your Profitability with MSR Hedging
Over the course of 2019, the yield curve has significantly decreased and flattened causing primary mortgage rates to fall. This has caused an increase in prepayment and refinancing activity, which is currently at a two-and-a-half year high. As a result, many institutions have experienced significant decreases in the value of their Mortgage Servicing Rights (MSR) assets, making MSR hedging a timely topic.
When considering whether to hedge an MSR asset, the first step is understanding why the asset itself is so sensitive to changes in rates. MSR assets can be likened to interest-only (IO) strips. MSR assets derive their value from the stream of servicing fees of the underlying mortgages. This is similar to IO strips, which derive their value from the interest payments of the underlying loans. Due to this structure, the longer the life of the underlying loan, the higher the value of both MSR assets and IO strips. When interest rates fall, and the incentive to refinance increases, the value of the asset decreases significantly due to the shortening of the income stream with no offsetting principal effects. In addition, MSR assets typically exhibit negative convexity, so as interest rates fall the value of the asset decreases at an increasing pace.
Next, the institution needs to ensure a sound framework is in place to evaluate risk. This includes having accurate measures of effective duration, partial (key rate) duration, convexity, and spread duration. Essentially showing sensitivities to parallel shifts in rates, the slope of the curve, and changes in spreads. Accurately quantifying risk allows the institution to create a hedge that offsets its risk.
While hedging approaches can vary, strategies typically focus on hedging delta and duration risk. Frequently hedge positions used are a combination of U.S. Treasury futures and mortgage-backed securities to achieve a delta-neutral status. The goal of delta-neutral hedging is to completely offset a value change in the hedged instrument given changes in rates by pairing with a hedging instrument that moves in the exact opposite fashion. This can be done through measuring the DV01 of the portfolio, which is the dollar value change of the MSR asset due to a one basis point changes in rates. Then, an appropriate hedging instrument is chosen to compliment/offset the value change of the asset. Due to the volatile nature of the MSR, rebalancing may be required and is prompted either by an updated sensitivity profile or a significant move in interest rates. Typically, a target effective hedge ratio is put in place and managers rebalance in order to maintain the coverage ratio.
Exhibit 2 shows the effective coverage ratio, and the mismatch between the MSR DV01 and the DV01 of the Hedge ratio. The current ratio is 90%, which means the hedged instrument gains in value 90% of what the MSR asset loses in value.
The final step of hedging the MSR asset is evaluating performance, which should be measured by risk mitigation or the offset effectiveness. In a perfect hedge, there would be total elimination of risk, but that is rare in practice. Typically, there are variations in asset correlation. This can be measured ex-post using statistical analysis such as R2. There should also be an element of cost control in the hedging program; it should be cost efficient compared to other alternatives options.
MSR assets can be very profitable, but it is important to be cognizant of the risks they present. An unhedged MSR asset can be very risky and cause unwanted capital losses, making hedging a valuable option for many institutions. While hedging strategies have their own costs, due to the complex models required, managers must have a sound analytical framework in place in order to effectively offset the risk. When done effectively, MSR hedging can protect an institution from capital losses and help maintain profitability during rate shifts.
Rachel Acers joined ALM First Financial Advisors in 2017. As a Director for the firm, Rachel is primarily responsible for the client’s management team to customize and implement actionable and effective ALM and investment strategies to....-->
Over the course of 2019, the yield curve has significantly decreased and flattened causing primary mortgage rates to fall. This has caused an increase in prepayment and refinancing activity, which is currently at a two-and-a-half year high. As a result, many institutions have experienced significant decreases in the value of their Mortgage Servicing Rights (MSR) assets, making MSR hedging a timely topic.
When considering whether to hedge an MSR asset, the first step is understanding why the asset itself is so sensitive to changes in rates....